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Article 141 vests law declared by the Supreme Court with binding force on all courts.
Precedent strength is governed by the 5-Judge Constitution Bench ruling in
Central Board of Dawoodi Bohra Community v. State of Maharashtra (2005) 2 SCC 673, which fixed the
bench-strength hierarchy a lower bench must respect before declaring law in this jurisdiction.
7-JUDGE CONSTITUTION BENCHHighest declared law — e.g. 2023 INSC 1066 (Interplay of Arbitration Agreements & Stamp Act) — overrules any 5-Judge bench.
5-JUDGE CONSTITUTION BENCHBinding on all 3-Judge and 2-Judge benches — e.g. BALCO (2012 INSC 394), Lalita Kumari (2013 INSC 768).
3-JUDGE BENCHBinding on single & 2-Judge benches — e.g. Essar Steel (2019 INSC 1258), Vidya Drolia (2020 INSC 697).
2-JUDGE DIVISION BENCHMust be referred upward where it conflicts with a larger bench — e.g. NN Global (5-Judge, superseded).
✓ Verified Precedent Registry
Bhatia International (1991) 4 SCC 560 — Overruled on foreign-seated arbitrations by 5-Judge BALCO (2012 INSC 394); superseded by NN Global (2023).
Dashrath Rupsingh Rathod (2014) 9 SCC 129 — Statutorily superseded by NI (Amendment) Act, 2015 §142(2).
NN Global (5-Judge Bench) — Overruled by the 7-Judge Constitution Bench in 2023 INSC 1066.